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テーマ 03

議論と論証.

Argument, Reasoning & Proof

帰国子女・インターナショナルスクール生のための、デジタルSAT の無料単語教材。独学で進められます。

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使ってみる — 4問

おぼえたかどうかではなく、文に合う語を選べるかを試します。 選択肢はすべて、このテーマの語です。意味の遠い語は混ぜていません。 だから「よい意味か、わるい意味か」と「どのくらい強いか」で絞るのが、そのまま解き方になります。

  1. 01

    Ostrander's explanation of the Bronze Age collapse struck its first readers as far-fetched, and forty years of argument have not made it popular: almost no specialist has abandoned the standard account for it. What those forty years have produced instead is a reply to every objection raised against it, each reply worked out in detail and none yet overturned. The explanation is therefore      , whatever else it may not be.

  2. 02

    When Iwasaki first argued that the temple's beams had all been cut from a single stand of cedar, she had nothing to go on but the look of the grain. The tree-ring measurements published last spring       that claim: each of the fourteen beams carries the same sequence of wide and narrow years. What she could only sketch in 1998 now rests on something a skeptic can check.

  3. 03

    In a twelve-year study of a Chilean cormorant colony, Vásquez found that as nests were packed closer together, the number of other birds an individual met in a day went down rather than up. Crowding, it turned out, shrinks a bird's foraging range faster than it raises the local population, so a bird in the densest quarter of the colony passes the same four neighbors all season. Both halves of the finding have been re-counted by independent observers and both hold, which is why ecologists now treat it as the central       of colony life.

  4. 04

    The 1,200-meter line that divides "highland" from "lowland" sites in the Andean survey was not read off the soil or the vegetation; the surveyors adopted it because it happened to be a contour already printed on the maps they owned. Yet every published comparison of highland and lowland maize yields since 1974 has been calculated across that       divide, and the gap between the two groups narrows or widens depending on where the line is drawn.

Argument, Reasoning & Proof — 22語22 words

このテーマの全語です。定義を隠して、 よい意味・わるい意味・中立の三つに分けてみるのが、いちばん効く使い方です。 分け間違えた語が、そのまま自分の弱点になります。

Every word in this theme. The best use of it is to cover the meanings and sort the list into positive, negative and neutral. Whichever ones you put in the wrong pile are exactly your weak spots.

内訳：よい意味 3語 ／ わるい意味 6語 ／ 中立 13語。 強さはこのテーマの中での相対です。テーマをまたいで比べる数字ではありません。

3 positive, 6 negative, 13 neutral. Strength is ranked within this theme only — the numbers are not comparable across themes.

語Word向き+/−強さStrength意味Meaning
advocate v0●●to argue publicly in favor of something — 公に支持する
analogous adj0●similar in a way that supports a comparison — 類似した
antithesis n0●●●the exact opposite of something — 正反対
arbitrary adj−●●decided by whim rather than reason — 恣意的な
ascribe v0●to credit something to a particular source — 〜によるものとするattribute とほぼ同じ意味で、ascribe のほうが硬い書き言葉です。ascribe and attribute do the same job; ascribe is the more formal, written-register choice.
attribute v0●to credit a cause or source; as a noun, a characteristic — 原因とみなす
bias n−●●a leaning that keeps judgment from being fair — 偏り
buttress v0●●to shore up or strengthen a case — 論を補強する
cogent adj＋●●●convincing because it is logically tight — 説得力のある
criteria n0●the standards by which something is judged — 判断基準
empirical adj0●based on observation and testing, not theory — 実証的な
espouse v0●●to take up and support a cause — 信奉するadvocate が人前で主張することなのに対し、espouse は自分の立場として受け入れることです。advocate is arguing for something in public; espouse is taking the position on as your own.
hypothetical adj0●assumed for the sake of argument, not proven — 仮定の
impute v−●●to lay responsibility on someone — 責任を負わせるascribe が中立なのに対し、impute は責任や悪い動機を負わせるときに使います。ascribe credits a source neutrally; impute lays responsibility or a bad motive on someone.
paradox n0●●a statement that contradicts itself yet may be true — 逆説
plausible adj＋●reasonable enough to be believed — もっともらしいcogent よりずっと弱く、「一応ありえる」程度の評価です。cogent says an argument is tight enough to actually convince you; plausible says only that a claim is believable enough to entertain, a far weaker rating.
polemic n−●●●a forceful attack on an opinion — 激しい論難
refute v0●●●to prove a claim wrong — 論破する
surmise v0●to conclude from thin evidence — 推測する
tangential adj−●off to the side of the main point — 本筋から逸れた
tenable adj＋●●able to be defended against attack — 擁護できるcogent より弱く、攻撃に耐えられるというだけで、積極的に人を説得するとは限りません。cogent actively convinces; tenable only means a position can be defended against attack, not that it wins anyone over.
tenuous adj−●●thin and weakly supported — 根拠が薄い綴りの似た tenable とは逆の意味です。tenuous は支えが弱いほうを指します。tenuous and tenable look alike but mean opposite things; tenuous is the one whose support is thin.
次にやること
Words in Context 文脈から語を選ぶ・12問

おぼえた語を、実際の設問で選べるようにする手順です。向きと強さで絞る練習をここでします。