テーマ 03

議論と論証.

Argument, Reasoning & Proof

帰国子女・インターナショナルスクール生のための、デジタルSAT の無料単語教材。独学で進められます。

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Argument, Reasoning & Proof — 22語22 words

このテーマの全語です。定義を隠して、よい意味・わるい意味・中立の三つに分けてみるのが、いちばん効く使い方です。分け間違えた語が、そのまま自分の弱点になります。

Every word in this theme. The best use of it is to cover the meanings and sort the list into positive, negative and neutral. Whichever ones you put in the wrong pile are exactly your weak spots.

内訳：よい意味 3語／わるい意味 6語／中立 13語。強さはこのテーマの中での相対です—— テーマをまたいで比べる数字ではありません。

3 positive, 6 negative, 13 neutral. Strength is ranked within this theme only — the numbers are not comparable across themes.

語Word	向き+/−	強さStrength	意味Meaning
advocate v	0	●●	to argue publicly in favor of something — 公に支持する
analogous adj	0	●	similar in a way that supports a comparison — 類似した
antithesis n	0	●●●	the exact opposite of something — 正反対
arbitrary adj	−	●●	decided by whim rather than reason — 恣意的な
ascribe v	0	●	to credit something to a particular source — ~に帰するattribute とほぼ同じ意味で、ascribe のほうが硬い書き言葉です。ascribe and attribute do the same job; ascribe is the more formal, written-register choice.
attribute v	0	●	to credit a cause or source; as a noun, a characteristic — 原因とみなす
bias n	−	●●	a leaning that keeps judgment from being fair — 偏り
buttress v	0	●●	to shore up or strengthen a case — 論を補強する
cogent adj	＋	●●●	convincing because it is logically tight — 説得力のある
criteria n	0	●	the standards by which something is judged — 判断基準
empirical adj	0	●	based on observation and testing, not theory — 実証的な
espouse v	0	●●	to take up and support a cause — 信奉するadvocate が人前で主張することなのに対し、espouse は自分の立場として受け入れることです。advocate is arguing for something in public; espouse is taking the position on as your own.
hypothetical adj	0	●	assumed for the sake of argument, not proven — 仮定の
impute v	−	●●	to lay responsibility on someone — 責任を負わせるascribe が中立なのに対し、impute は責任や悪い動機を負わせるときに使います。ascribe credits a source neutrally; impute lays responsibility or a bad motive on someone.
paradox n	0	●●	a statement that contradicts itself yet may be true — 逆説
plausible adj	＋	●	reasonable enough to be believed — もっともらしいcogent よりずっと弱く、「一応ありえる」程度の評価です。cogent says an argument is tight enough to actually convince you; plausible says only that a claim is believable enough to entertain, a far weaker rating.
polemic n	−	●●●	a forceful attack on an opinion — 激しい論難
refute v	0	●●●	to prove a claim wrong — 論破する
surmise v	0	●	to conclude from thin evidence — 推測する
tangential adj	−	●	off to the side of the main point — 本筋から逸れた
tenable adj	＋	●●	able to be defended against attack — 擁護できるcogent より弱く、攻撃に耐えられるというだけで、積極的に人を説得するとは限りません。cogent actively convinces; tenable only means a position can be defended against attack, not that it wins anyone over.
tenuous adj	−	●●	thin and weakly supported — 根拠が薄い綴りの似た tenable とは逆の意味です。tenuous は支えが弱いほうを指します。tenuous and tenable look alike but mean opposite things; tenuous is the one whose support is thin.