テーマ 24
多さと少なさ.
Abundance, Scarcity & Amount
帰国子女・インターナショナルスクール生のための、デジタルSAT の無料単語教材。独学で進められます。
読み込み中…
使ってみる — 4問
おぼえたかどうかではなく、文に合う語を選べるかを試します。 選択肢はすべて、このテーマの語です。意味の遠い語は混ぜていません。 だから「よい意味か、わるい意味か」と「どのくらい強いか」で絞るのが、そのまま解き方になります。
01
When the new prefecture began commissioning brick warehouses in the 1880s, it found an advantage it had not planned for. For two generations the valley's temple carpenters had been trained to cut and fit stone to tolerances no other trade demanded, and the foreign engineer hired to supervise the kilns reported that almost any of them could be taught to lay brick in a single winter. The prefecture opened its building program with a of skilled labor that neighboring provinces had to import at great cost.
dearth dearth は害が出るほどの深刻な欠乏ですが、本文でこの県は「an advantage it had not planned for」を手にしています。高い費用で輸入する羽目になったのは「neighboring provinces had to import at great cost」とある隣の地域の側で、県自身が不足していたわけではありません。
modicum modicum は「わずかな量」。しかし本文は二世代分の寺社大工がいて「almost any of them could be taught to lay brick in a single winter」と述べています。少量では、近隣が高い金を払って輸入した労働力を最初から抱えているという利点の説明になりません。
paucity paucity も不足を指す語で、本文の向きと逆です。石を精密に加工する訓練を積んだ大工が揃っていて、そのほとんどが一冬で煉瓦積みを覚えられる状況は、人手が足りない状況ではありません。
reservoir 「For two generations the valley's temple carpenters had been trained to cut and fit stone to tolerances no other trade demanded」で熟練者が地元に溜まっており、「neighboring provinces had to import at great cost」と近隣が輸入した労働力を県は手元に持っていました。すぐ使える大きな蓄えを指す reservoir が入ります。
02
The ministry's economists inherited a commuting survey and at first meant to discard one column, which recorded each household's distance from the nearest station and had been gathered for a separate project on housing prices. But fares in the region are set by distance band, and without that column the team could not tell which band a rider fell into; every model they fitted collapsed when they dropped it. The column proved to the work they had been asked to do.
extraneous extraneous は本題の外にあって関係がないこと。確かにこの列は「had been gathered for a separate project on housing prices」と出所は別の仕事ですが、「But fares in the region are set by distance band」により今回の分析の核心に関わってしまいました。無関係どころではありません。
gratuitous gratuitous は必要もないのに付け加えた、という非難を含む語です。この列は運賃の距離帯を判定するために要る情報で、落とすとモデルが壊れるのですから、不要な付け足しではありません。
integral 「without that column the team could not tell which band a rider fell into」、さらに「every model they fitted collapsed when they dropped it」とあり、その列がなければ仕事自体が成立しません。欠ければ全体が成り立たない部分を指す integral が入ります。
superfluous superfluous は「多すぎる余分」。しかし本文は「every model they fitted collapsed when they dropped it」と書いており、捨てても支障のない余りではなく、捨てた瞬間に分析が壊れる列です。
03
A corpse flower opens its spathe for only two nights, and the beetles it depends on must be paid within that time. Glands at the base of the spadix do release nectar, but one survey timed a beetle draining a gland dry in under a minute and then hunting more than an hour for another. Field notes from that survey call the plant's reward , and most visitors abandon the flower well before dawn.
copious copious は「たっぷりある」。しかし本文の甲虫は一分足らずで蜜腺を空にし、次を探すのに一時間以上かけています。量が十分という読みは「draining a gland dry in under a minute and then hunting more than an hour for another」と合いません。
meager 「draining a gland dry in under a minute and then hunting more than an hour for another」と報酬はすぐ尽き、探す時間の方がずっと長い。結果として「most visitors abandon the flower well before dawn」となるので、足りなすぎるという否定を含む meager が入ります。
moderate moderate は「適度で問題のない量」という中立の語です。しかし本文では「the beetles it depends on must be paid within that time」という支払いが足りず、虫が夜明け前に去ってしまうので、ちょうどよい量ではなく不足しています。
profuse profuse はあふれ出るほど大量、という copious よりさらに強い語です。「Glands at the base of the spadix do release nectar, but」の but が導くのは蜜が足りないという話で、虫が去る結末とも噛み合いません。
04
The harbor board's report against the bridge ran to nine objections, and no two rested on the same ground: the caisson design was untested, the tolls would fall on fishermen who used no road, the quarry meant to supply the granite sat on contested land, the surveyor had once been paid by the bidder. The engineers came to the hearing with one rebuttal, about cost. Against objections so , a single answer was useless.
manifold 「ran to nine objections, and no two rested on the same ground」と、根拠の異なる反論が並んでいます。だからこそ「The engineers came to the hearing with one rebuttal, about cost.」という一本の答えでは足りず、多種多様を意味する manifold が入ります。
myriad myriad は数え切れないほど多い、という数の語です。本文は反論の数を nine と数え上げており、問題になっているのは数の多さではなく「no two rested on the same ground」という根拠のばらつきです。
rife rife は悪いものが広く蔓延している状態に使う語です。ここでの反論は一つの報告書の中に九つ並んでいるだけで、どこかに広がっているという話は本文にありません。
ubiquitous ubiquitous は「どこにでもある」という分布の語です。本文の反論は harbor board の報告書という一か所にまとまっており、また要点は分布ではなく「no two rested on the same ground」という種類の違いです。
Abundance, Scarcity & Amount — 41語41 words
このテーマの全語です。定義を隠して、 よい意味・わるい意味・中立の三つに分けてみるのが、いちばん効く使い方です。 分け間違えた語が、そのまま自分の弱点になります。
Every word in this theme. The best use of it is to cover the meanings and sort the list into positive, negative and neutral. Whichever ones you put in the wrong pile are exactly your weak spots.
内訳：よい意味 5語 ／ わるい意味 14語 ／ 中立 22語。 強さはこのテーマの中での相対です。テーマをまたいで比べる数字ではありません。
5 positive, 14 negative, 22 neutral. Strength is ranked within this theme only — the numbers are not comparable across themes.
| 語Word | 向き+/− | 強さStrength | 意味Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aggregate n | 0 | ● | a total formed from many parts — 総計 |
| allocate v | 0 | ● | to set aside a share for a purpose — 割り当てる |
| bereft adj | − | ●●● | stripped of something you once had — 奪われた |
| commensurate adj | 0 | ● | proportional in size or degree — 釣り合ったtantamount は効果が同じという意味で、commensurate は量や程度が釣り合うことです。tantamount means equal in effect to something else; commensurate means matched in size or degree to it. |
| comprehensive adj | ＋ | ●● | covering everything relevant — 網羅的な |
| confluence n | 0 | ●● | a flowing together of separate streams or forces — 重なり合い |
| constituent n | 0 | ● | a necessary part of a whole — 構成要素 |
| consumption n | 0 | ● | the using up of a resource — 消費 |
| copious adj | 0 | ●● | plentiful — たっぷりの |
| dearth n | − | ●●● | a damaging shortage — 深刻な不足paucity はただの不足で、dearth は害が出るほどの深刻な欠乏です。paucity is simply a shortage; dearth is a shortage severe enough to do damage. |
| exorbitant adj | − | ●●● | far beyond what is reasonable — 法外な |
| extraneous adj | − | ● | outside what is needed — 本題と無関係superfluous は多すぎる余分、extraneous は本題の外にあって関係がないことです。superfluous means there is more of it than you need; extraneous means it sits outside the matter at hand, however much of it there is. |
| fraught adj | − | ●● | loaded with something, usually tension — 緊張に満ちた |
| frivolous adj | − | ●● | too slight to be taken seriously — 軽薄な |
| gratuitous adj | − | ●● | thrown in without need or reason — 必然性のないsuperfluous はただの余分ですが、gratuitous は必要もないのに加えたという非難を含みます。superfluous just marks something as extra, while gratuitous blames whoever added it for adding it with no reason. |
| insatiable adj | − | ●●● | impossible to satisfy — 飽くなき |
| integral adj | ＋ | ●● | essential to the whole — 不可欠なconstituent は単なる構成要素、integral は欠ければ全体が成り立たない部分です。a constituent is one of the parts that make up the whole; integral says the whole is incomplete without that part. |
| inundate v | − | ●●● | to flood with more than can be handled — 殺到させる |
| linchpin n | ＋ | ●● | the piece that holds everything else together — 全体を支える要 |
| manifold adj | 0 | ● | many and varied — 多種多様な |
| meager adj | − | ●● | too small or poor to be enough — 乏しいmodicum は中立に少量を指し、meager は足りなすぎるという否定です。modicum names a small amount without judging it; meager says the amount falls short of enough. |
| medley n | 0 | ● | a mixture of different things — 寄せ集め |
| moderate adj | 0 | ● | kept within reasonable limits — 適度な |
| modicum n | 0 | ● | a small amount — わずかな量 |
| multifarious adj | 0 | ●● | having great variety — 多岐にわたる |
| myriad adj | 0 | ●●● | countless — 無数のmultifarious は種類の多さ、myriad は数の多さです。multifarious is about how many kinds there are; myriad is about how many there are. |
| nominal adj | 0 | ● | so small as to be token — ごくわずかな・形だけの |
| paramount adj | ＋ | ●●● | above all others in importance — 最重要の |
| paucity n | − | ●● | a shortage — 不足 |
| plenitude n | ＋ | ●● | a full abundance — 豊かさ |
| plethora n | 0 | ●● | more than enough — ありあまる数plenitude は十分にあって良い状態、plethora は多すぎる方に傾きます。plenitude is a full supply and a good thing; plethora tips over into more than enough. |
| preponderance n | 0 | ●● | the greater weight or number — 大多数 |
| profuse adj | 0 | ●●● | pouring out in great amounts — あふれるほどcopious はたっぷりある、profuse はあふれ出るほど大量です。copious means there is plenty of it; profuse means it pours out faster and thicker than that. |
| replete adj | 0 | ●● | filled to capacity — 満ち満ちたfraught with は悪いものを含みますが、replete with は中身の良し悪しを問わず満ちている状態です。fraught with almost always means loaded with trouble; replete with says only that the thing is full, whatever is filling it. |
| reservoir n | 0 | ● | a large store held in reserve — 蓄え |
| rife adj | − | ●● | widespread, usually with something bad — 蔓延したubiquitous は中立にどこにでもある、rife は悪いものが広がっている時に使います。ubiquitous says something is everywhere without judging it; use rife when what has spread is bad. |
| satiate v | 0 | ●● | to satisfy fully, often past the point of comfort — 満腹にさせる |
| superfluous adj | − | ●● | more than is needed — 余分な |
| surfeit n | − | ●●● | an excess that leaves you sick of it — 過剰plethora は多すぎる量、surfeit はうんざりするほどの過剰です。plethora is an amount past what is needed; surfeit is an amount past what you can stand. |
| tantamount adj | 0 | ● | equal in effect to something else — 同然 |
| ubiquitous adj | 0 | ●●● | seemingly everywhere at once — どこにでもある |
おぼえた語を、実際の設問で選べるようにする手順です。向きと強さで絞る練習をここでします。