テーマ 35
身体と医学.
The Body, Health & Medicine
帰国子女・インターナショナルスクール生のための、デジタルSAT の無料単語教材。独学で進められます。
読み込み中…
使ってみる — 4問
おぼえたかどうかではなく、文に合う語を選べるかを試します。 選択肢はすべて、このテーマの語です。意味の遠い語は混ぜていません。 だから「よい意味か、わるい意味か」と「どのくらい強いか」で絞るのが、そのまま解き方になります。
01
Examining a naturally mummified body from a 4,000-year-old desert cemetery, where the dry air had preserved skin and muscle as well as bone, the bioarchaeologist Nadia Ferreira concentrated on a single injury to a left forearm. Something with an edge had opened the skin and cut into the muscle beneath, leaving a gap too wide for the tissue to have drawn itself shut; a blow that merely broke vessels under unbroken skin would have left nothing of the kind. Ferreira therefore filed the injury under rather than under the blunt-force trauma that accounts for most of the damage at the site.
anesthesia anesthesia は感覚を失わせる「処置」を指す語で、傷そのものの種類を表しません。空所は「rather than under the blunt-force trauma that accounts for most of the damage at the site」とあるとおり blunt-force trauma と並ぶ傷の分類名を求めているので、治療の名前は入りません。
contusion contusion は皮膚が破れずに内部の血管が切れた「あざ」ですが、本文は「a blow that merely broke vessels under unbroken skin would have left nothing of the kind」と述べ、まさにその打撲ではこの傷は説明できないと明言しています。ここでは皮膚が実際に開いているので contusion は除外されます。
laceration 「Something with an edge had opened the skin and cut into the muscle beneath」と、刃のあるもので皮膚が裂け筋肉にまで達したと書かれ、さらに「leaving a gap too wide for the tissue to have drawn itself shut」と傷口が閉じないほど大きく開いています。これは深く裂けた傷、つまり laceration です。
pathology pathology は病気・病的状態という広い語で、刃物状のもので切られた外傷を名指す語ではありません。しかも blunt-force trauma も広い意味では病理の範囲に入るため、「rather than under the blunt-force trauma」と対比される分類名としては成り立ちません。
02
The physiologist Marcus Ohl was less interested in the athletes who could grind through a long season of punishing training than in what happened to a body after one severe injury. Following sprinters for three years, he found that some were back at their old speeds within months while others never returned to competition at all, and that the gap had almost nothing to do with how much strain a runner could absorb before breaking down in the first place. The decisive quality, Ohl concluded, was narrower than toughness: the fastest to return simply had the most tissue.
emaciated emaciated は飢えや病気でやせ衰えた、という否定的な語です。ここは大きな負傷から戻ってこられた選手の長所を表す肯定的な語が必要なので合いません。
hardy hardy は過酷な条件に耐え抜く強さです。本文は「how much strain a runner could absorb before breaking down」は関係がなく、求める性質は「narrower than toughness」だと、その耐久性をわざわざ除外しています。
lithe lithe はしなやかで優美な身体つきのこと。柔軟さの話であり、負傷のあと元の速さに戻れるかどうかという本文の論点とは別です。
resilient 「some were back at their old speeds within months」とあり、問われているのは大きな打撃のあとに元へ戻る力です。resilient がその「立ち直る力」を表します。
03
Critics of the 1965 civic center rarely faulted its engineering. Their objection was to the atmosphere of the place. The walls were not drab — the architect had specified a deep cobalt for them, and the lobby floor was a warm red tile — yet every surface was sealed, spotless, and free of any mark a hand might leave, and the first visitors found the effect . One wrote that the building seemed to have been finished before anyone was allowed to live in it.
antiseptic 「every surface was sealed, spotless, and free of any mark a hand might leave」＝清潔すぎて人間味がない、という antiseptic の比喩的で否定的な用法です。最後の一文もそれを裏づけています。
hardy hardy は頑丈で耐久性があるという肯定的な語です。本文は「Critics ... rarely faulted its engineering」と造りには不満がなかったと述べているので、批判を表す語にはなりません。
pallid pallid は不健康に青白い、色がないという意味。本文は「The walls were not drab」と述べ、deep cobalt と warm red tile を挙げて色彩が豊かなことを明言しているので合いません。
swarthy swarthy は肌の色が黒いという人の外見を表す語で、建物の雰囲気には使えません。ここでの批判は色についてではなく、生活感のなさについてです。
04
Art historians long took the old man in the 1580 panel for a beggar hired off the street: his face is a mass of folds, and his body has shrunk so far inside his robe that the sleeves hang empty. Workshop accounts found in 2019 have upset that reading. The sitter was a wool merchant of eighty-one who ate well to the end of his life, and his color in the painting is high and ruddy. What the painter set down was not hunger but time — a man by eight decades and folded in on himself.
emaciated emaciated は飢えや病気でやせ衰えた状態です。本文は「a wool merchant of eighty-one who ate well to the end of his life」と食べ物に困っていなかったことを示し、「not hunger」とも明言しています。
lithe lithe はしなやかで優美なという肯定的な語。顔がしわだらけで、robe の中で体が縮んでいるという描写とは正反対です。
pallid pallid は不健康に青白いという意味ですが、本文は「his color in the painting is high and ruddy」＝血色がよいと書いているので当てはまりません。
wizened 「not hunger but time」とあり、顔がしわだらけで体が縮んだのは、飢えではなく八十年という年月のせいです。年を取ってしぼみ、しわだらけになった様子を表す wizened が入ります。
The Body, Health & Medicine — 15語15 words
このテーマの全語です。定義を隠して、 よい意味・わるい意味・中立の三つに分けてみるのが、いちばん効く使い方です。 分け間違えた語が、そのまま自分の弱点になります。
Every word in this theme. The best use of it is to cover the meanings and sort the list into positive, negative and neutral. Whichever ones you put in the wrong pile are exactly your weak spots.
内訳：よい意味 3語 ／ わるい意味 5語 ／ 中立 7語。 強さはこのテーマの中での相対です。テーマをまたいで比べる数字ではありません。
3 positive, 5 negative, 7 neutral. Strength is ranked within this theme only — the numbers are not comparable across themes.
| 語Word | 向き+/− | 強さStrength | 意味Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| anesthesia n | 0 | ● | loss of sensation — 麻酔 |
| antiseptic adj | 0 | ●● | free of germs; sterile — 無菌の、清潔な医学では「清潔な」と肯定的、比喩では「無味乾燥な」と否定的になります。antiseptic is praise when it describes a dressing, a solution or an operating room kept free of germs, but a complaint when it describes a room, a style or a manner that has had everything warm and human scrubbed out of it. |
| contusion n | 0 | ● | a bruise — 打撲、あざ |
| corpulence n | − | ●● | excessive fatness — 肥満、太りすぎ |
| emaciated adj | − | ●●● | wasted thin from hunger or illness — やせ衰えた |
| hardy adj | ＋ | ●● | tough enough to survive hard conditions — 頑健な、丈夫な |
| inoculate v | 0 | ● | to vaccinate against disease — 予防接種する |
| laceration n | 0 | ●●● | a deep cut or tear in the skin — 裂傷、深い切り傷contusion（打撲）より重く、皮膚が深く裂けた傷を指します。a contusion is a bruise under skin that stays closed; a laceration is skin torn deeply open. |
| lithe adj | ＋ | ● | supple and graceful — しなやかな |
| pallid adj | − | ● | unhealthily pale — 青白い |
| pathology n | 0 | ●● | the study of disease; a departure from healthy function — 病理、病的状態 |
| regurgitate v | − | ●● | to bring back up; also, to repeat mindlessly — 吐き戻す、そのまま復唱 |
| resilient adj | ＋ | ●● | able to bounce back from strain — 立ち直れるhardy は過酷な条件に耐える強さ、resilient は打撃から回復する力です。hardy is holding up under harsh conditions; resilient is springing back after a blow has landed. |
| swarthy adj | 0 | ● | dark in complexion — 色黒の |
| wizened adj | − | ●● | shrunken and wrinkled with age — しなびた、しわだらけemaciated は飢えや病気でやせた状態、wizened は加齢でしぼんだ状態です。emaciated is thinned by hunger or illness; wizened is shrunken and wrinkled by age. |
おぼえた語を、実際の設問で選べるようにする手順です。向きと強さで絞る練習をここでします。