テーマ 22

法と犯罪.

Law, Crime & Punishment

帰国子女・インターナショナルスクール生のための、デジタルSAT の無料単語教材。独学で進められます。

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使ってみる — 4問

おぼえたかどうかではなく、文に合う語を選べるかを試します。選択肢はすべて、このテーマの語です。意味の遠い語は混ぜていません。だから「よい意味か、わるい意味か」と「どのくらい強いか」で絞るのが、そのまま解き方になります。

01
When the assembly learned that the 1788 land charter had been signed by a clerk who held no authority to do so, it did not simply stop the charter from operating in the future. It voted to the document, so that every transfer of property made under it was treated in later court records as though it had never occurred.
- abrogate abrogate は権限によって法や制度を廃止し、そこで終わらせることです。過去の効力までは消さないので、「as though it had never occurred」という遡及的な扱いには足りません。
- annul 本文は「did not simply stop the charter from operating in the future」と未来だけの取り消しを否定し、過去の property transfer まで「as though it had never occurred」と扱うと言っています。初めから無かったことにするのが annul です。
- rescind rescind は決定や法をこれから先に向けて取り消すだけです。本文がわざわざ否定している「stop the charter from operating in the future」がまさに rescind なので、正解にはなりません。
- revoke revoke は与えた権利や許可を今後使えないようにすることです。すでに行われた property transfer を無かったことにはできないので、本文の条件を満たしません。
02
Historians of the early textile mills have long puzzled over the inspectors' reports. One inspector, Hallett, wrote in his notebook that several mills were running children through night shifts in plain violation of the 1833 act, yet he neither filed a complaint nor warned the owners; he simply moved on to the next town. Later reformers accused him of choosing to a practice he had the authority to stop.
- abet abet は積極的に手を貸して悪事を助けることです。Hallett は「neither filed a complaint nor warned the owners」つまり何もせず次の町へ行っただけで、工場に手を貸す行動はしていません。
- condone 違反を知りながら「neither filed a complaint nor warned the owners」と何の異議も唱えず見過ごしています。黙って悪事を通すのが condone です。
- flout flout は自分が規則を公然と、しかも軽蔑を見せつけて破ることです。規則を破っているのは the mills であって Hallett ではないので、主語が合いません。
- proscribe proscribe は公的に禁じることです。本文は「a practice he had the authority to stop」と、その権限を使わなかったと述べているので、禁じたことにはなりません。
03
When a graduate student's tissue counts failed to replicate, the lab's director was accused of manipulating them. An internal review traced the discrepancy instead to a miscalibrated microscope shared by three labs, a finding that was enough to her. The panel was careful to add, however, that it had no authority to overturn the university's formal finding, and that it took no position on whether her original conclusions had been correct.
- exculpate 原因が miscalibrated microscope だと分かり、彼女の責めは外れます。しかし公的な効力も、結論が正しかったという証明もありません。責めを免れさせるだけの exculpate がちょうど当てはまります。
- exonerate exonerate は公的な手続きで告発から解放することです。本文は「it had no authority to overturn the university's formal finding」と panel に公的権限がないと明言しているので使えません。
- implicate implicate は関与を示して疑いを強める語で、向きが逆です。本文の finding は彼女の責任を外すものなので合いません。
- vindicate vindicate は責めを晴らすだけでなく、正しかったことまで示す語です。本文は「took no position on whether her original conclusions had been correct」と正しさには触れていないと述べています。
04
The city's 1907 building code capped new towers at twelve stories, and most developers found quiet ways around it: a mezzanine was recorded as storage, a penthouse as machinery. Vaughn wanted no such cover. He advertised his fourteen-story block in the evening papers, invited the commissioners to its opening, and had the floor numbers carved in stone above the door. Simply breaking the rule was never his aim; nearly every builder in the city broke it somewhere, in the ledgers where no one would look. Vaughn chose instead to it.
- contravene contravene は規則に反するという事実だけを表し、公然とという要素を持ちません。しかし本文は「Simply breaking the rule was never his aim」と述べ、さらに「nearly every builder in the city broke it somewhere, in the ledgers where no one would look」と他の業者も同じく違反していたと書いています。contravene では Vaughn と他の業者の違いが出ず、instead の対比が壊れます。
- flout 空所の直前で「Simply breaking the rule was never his aim」と言い切っているので、単なる違反では足りず、「He advertised his fourteen-story block in the evening papers」「had the floor numbers carved in stone above the door」のように違反をわざと見せつける態度が必要です。flout は規則を軽蔑しながら公然と破ることなので、この対比にぴたりと合います。
- proscribe proscribe は当局が公的に禁じることで、禁止する側の動作です。ここで十二階までと禁じているのは building code の側であり、Vaughn は「advertised his fourteen-story block in the evening papers」と十四階建てを建てて破った側なので、主語と動作が逆になります。
- rescind rescind は決定や法律そのものを取り消すことで、それができるのは制定した当局です。Vaughn は建物を建てて公表しただけで、規則は生きたまま残っており「nearly every builder in the city broke it somewhere」と破られ続けています。取り消された事実は本文のどこにもありません。

Law, Crime & Punishment — 31語31 words

このテーマの全語です。定義を隠して、よい意味・わるい意味・中立の三つに分けてみるのが、いちばん効く使い方です。分け間違えた語が、そのまま自分の弱点になります。

Every word in this theme. The best use of it is to cover the meanings and sort the list into positive, negative and neutral. Whichever ones you put in the wrong pile are exactly your weak spots.

内訳：よい意味 5語／わるい意味 16語／中立 10語。強さはこのテーマの中での相対です。テーマをまたいで比べる数字ではありません。

5 positive, 16 negative, 10 neutral. Strength is ranked within this theme only — the numbers are not comparable across themes.

語Word	向き+/−	強さStrength	意味Meaning
abduct v	−	●●●	to carry someone off by force; to kidnap — 誘拐する
abet v	−	●●	to help or encourage, usually in wrongdoing — 悪事を助けるabet は手を貸す行為、complicit は共犯という立場を指します。abet names the act, lending a hand to the wrongdoing; complicit names the position you end up in, a partner in it.
abrogate v	0	●●●	to abolish, usually by official authority — 廃止する
absolution n	＋	●●	release from guilt or blame — 赦免
annul v	0	●●	to cancel something so it counts as never having existed — 無効にするrescind は今後に向けて取り消しますが、annul は初めから無かった扱いにします。rescind cancels something from now on and leaves the past in place; annul wipes it out so it counts as never having existed.
apprehend v	0	●●	to arrest; also, to grasp an idea — 逮捕する
arbiter n	0	●	a person chosen to settle a dispute — 仲裁者
arbitration n	0	●	the process of settling a dispute through a neutral party — 仲裁
battery n	−	●●●	the crime of physically attacking someone — 暴行罪
complicit adj	−	●●	involved as a partner in wrongdoing — 共犯の
condone v	−	●	to let a wrong pass without objection — 見逃すabet は積極的に手を貸しますが、condone は黙って見過ごすだけです。abet is actively helping the wrong along; condone is only letting it pass without objection.
contravene v	−	●	to act against a rule or law — 違反する
culpable adj	−	●●	deserving of blame — 非がある
embezzle v	−	●●	to steal money entrusted to your care — 横領するlarceny は他人の物を盗むこと全般、embezzle は預かった金を着服することです。larceny is stealing anyone's property; use embezzle only when the money was already entrusted to your care.
exculpate v	＋	●●	to clear of blame — 疑いを晴らすexculpate は責めを免れさせるだけで、vindicate は正しかったことまで示します。exculpate only gets the blame off someone; vindicate goes further and shows they were right.
exonerate v	＋	●●●	to officially free from an accusation — 公式に免罪するexonerate は公的な手続きによる免罪、absolution は道徳・宗教上の赦しです。exonerate is an official clearing of the accusation; absolution is forgiveness in a moral or religious sense.
flout v	−	●●●	to break a rule openly and with contempt — 公然と破るcontravene は規則に反するだけ、flout は軽蔑を見せつけて破ることです。contravene is simply acting against a rule; flout is breaking it openly, with contempt on display.
illicit adj	−	●	not allowed by law — 違法の
implicate v	−	●●	to show that someone is involved in wrongdoing — 関与を示すimplicate は関与を示すだけ、culpable は責めを負うべき状態を指します。implicate only shows that someone was involved; culpable says they deserve the blame for it.
injunction n	0	●●	a court order forbidding an act — 差止命令
inquisitor n	−	●●●	someone who questions others harshly — 厳しい尋問者
larceny n	−	●●	theft of another's property — 窃盗
litigant n	0	●	a party in a lawsuit — 訴訟当事者
pillage v	−	●●●	to rob a place violently, especially in war — 略奪する
proscribe v	0	●●	to forbid officially — 公的に禁じる
punitive adj	−	●●	meant as punishment — 懲罰的な
rescind v	0	●●	to cancel a decision or law — 撤回する
restitution n	＋	●●	returning what was wrongly taken — 返還・弁償
revoke v	0	●	to withdraw a right or permission — 取り消す
transgress v	−	●●	to cross a moral or legal line — 一線を越える
vindicate v	＋	●●●	to clear of blame or prove right — 正しさを証明する

次にやること

Words in Context 文脈から語を選ぶ・12問

おぼえた語を、実際の設問で選べるようにする手順です。向きと強さで絞る練習をここでします。